Programmable calculator - Wikipedia. Programmable calculators are calculators that can automatically carry out a sequence of operations under control of a stored program, much like a computer. The first programmable calculators such as the IBM CPC used punched cards or other media for program storage. Hand- held electronic calculators store programs on magnetic strips, removable read- only memory cartridges, or in battery- backed read/write memory. Since the early 1. Before the mass- manufacture of inexpensive dot- matrix.
Casio Fx-702P Program Library download free. Casio fx 702 3 listings. Items in search results. New listing VINTAGE CASIO FX. Casio Program Library FX-702P Manual,, Good Book. LCDs however, programmable calculators usually featured a one- line numeric or alphanumeric display. The Big Four manufacturers of programmable calculators are Casio, Hewlett- Packard, Sharp, and Texas Instruments. All of the above have also made pocket computers in the past, especially Casio and Sharp. Many calculators of this type are monochrome LCD, some are four- color (red or orange, green, blue, and black), or, in the case of some machines at the top of the line as of February 2. As they are used for graphing functions, the screens of these machines are pixel- addressable. Some have a touch screen, buzzers or other sound producers, internal clocks, modems or other connectivity devices including Ir. DA transceivers, several types of ports for peripherals like printers, and ports for memory cards of a number of types. Casio fx-702p on Voidware; Casio calculators. Scientific Keystroke Programmable: FX-502P series; FX-602P series; FX-603P; fx-3650P; FX-3900PV; fx-991ES; V.P.A.M. Comportement de la fonction KEY. Casio FX-702P Loiseau. For earlier devices, see: History of computing hardware. Contents. Calculator programming. Edit. Programmable calculators allow the user to write and store programs in the calculator in order to solve difficult problems or automate an elaborate procedure. Programming capability appears most commonly (although not exclusively) in graphing calculators, as the larger screen allows multiple lines of source code to be viewed simultaneously (i. Originally, calculator programming had to be done in the calculator's own command language, but as calculator hackers discovered ways to bypass the main interface of the calculators and write assembly language programs, calculator companies (particularly Texas Instruments) began to support native- mode programming on their calculator hardware, first revealing the hooks used to enable such code to operate, and later explicitly building in facilities to handle such programs directly from the user interface. Many programs written for calculators can be found on the internet. Users can download the programs to a personal computer, and then upload them to the calculator using a specialized link cable, infrared wireless link or through a memory card. Sometimes these programs can also be run through emulators on the PC. One possibility arising from the above is writing interpreters, compilers, and translator programmes for additional languages for programming the machines; BBC Basic has already been ported to the TI- 8. Fortran, awk, Pascal, Rexx, perl, Common Lisp, Python, tcl, and various Unix shells. Commonly available programs for calculators include everything from math/science related problem solvers to video games, as well as so- called demos. Much of this code is user- created freeware or even open source, though commercial software, particularly for educational and science/engineering markets, is also available. A TI- 5. 9 showing one card in the holder on the front of the calculator and another being inserted into the card reader in the side. HP- 4. 1CX with magnetic card reader and thermal printer. A complete range of programmable calculators were developed in former USSR. Some of them (like this MK- 5. An older model FX- 6. P in working condition. HP 5. 0g graphing calculator, with the Equation Editor being used. Programming languages. Edit. Keystroke programming. Edit. In the early days most programmable calculators used a very simplified programming language, often based either on recording actual keystrokes or bytecode if the keystrokes were merged. Calculators supporting such programming were Turing- complete if they supported both conditional statements and indirect addressing of memory. Notable examples of Turing complete calculators were Casio FX- 6. P series, the HP- 4. TI- 5. 9. Keystroke programming is still used in mid- range calculators like the HP 3. BASIC is a widespread programming language commonly adapted to desktop computers and pocket computers. The most common languages now used in high range calculators are proprietary BASIC- style dialects as used by CASIO and TI(TI- BASIC). These BASIC dialects are optimised for calculator use, combining the advantages of BASIC and keystroke programming. They have little in common with mainstream BASIC. It is installed via a cable or Ir. DA connection with a computer. RPL is a special Forth- like programming language used by Hewlett Packard in its high range devices. The first device with RPL calculator was the HP- 2. C released in 1. 98. Software, particularly games, could now be nearly as fast and as graphical as their Game Boy counterparts, and TI in particular would later formalize assembly programming into support for packaged applications for future calculators such as the TI- 8. Plus and TI- 8. 9; HP includes some onboard support for assembler programming on the HP- 5. Programmes and toolkits to allow on- board assembly- like programming (often Intel 8. Zilog or Motorola chip) are in the beta stage in at least two implementations. Other languages like Rexx, awk, Perl, and Windows NT and some Unix shells can also be implemented in this fashion on many calculators of this type. Other Languages. Edit. The GCC development suite is available for several models of Casio, HP, and TI calculators, meaning that C, C++, Fortran 7. Projects in development by third parties include on- board and/or computer- side converters, interpreters, code generators, macro assemblers, or compilers for Fortran, other Basic variants, awk, C, Cobol, Rexx, Perl, Python, Tcl, Pascal. Delphi, and operating system shells like DOS/Win. OS/2 batch, Win. NT/2. Unix shells, and DCL. Many TI, Casio, Sharp and HP models have Lua interpreters which are part of the default configuration or can be optionally added. Some calculators run a subset of Fortran 7. Mini- Fortran; the compiler is on the calculator so connecting to a PC to put programmes onto the machine is not needed. The On. Calc C Compiler for the Casio fx- 9. The Sharp PC G8. 50. V pocket computer has an on- board C compiler in addition to an assembler and a Basic interpreter. Persistent memory. Edit. One important feature of programmable calculators is the availability of some form of persistent memory. Without persistent memory, programs have to be re- entered whenever power is lost, making the device cumbersome. Persistent memory can be internal or on a separate device. Some programmable calculators employ both schemes. Magnetic card reader / writer. Edit. Magnetic card readers were among the first persistent memory options available. Those were easy to transport, and the reader/writer was compact in size. However, the reader/writer as well as the magnetic strips were quite expensive. The last and most notable devices to use magnetic strips were the HP- 4. C and TI- 5. 9. Continuous memory. Edit. Continuous memory does not lose its content when the calculator is switched off. With continuous memory the user can, for example, change batteries without losing the entered programs. Usually, an interface module, such as the Casio FA- 1, was used to connect the calculator to an ordinary cassette recorder and digital data were encoded as frequency- shift keyed audio signals. These set- ups, while being more practical and reliable, were also more expensive. Semi- continuous memory. Edit. As memory demands rose, it became more difficult to create true continuous memory and developers sought alternatives. With semi- continuous memory memory content was only preserved if specific battery- changing rules were observed. The most common rules were: A special backup battery would ensure that the memory was not lost while the main batteries were changed. Battery removal and replacement had to be completed in a relatively short time. For example, with the HP 3. The transfer is done by the following connection methods (chronological order of appearance)RS- 2. Ir. DA and USB. This method has the advantage of being very cost efficient and is usually faster than cassette interface. These advantages are offset by the need of a Personal computer. An early example of PC connection is the Casio FX- 6. P in conjunction with the Casio FA- 6 interface. In this set- up transfer was done in Plain text so the program and data could not only be stored but also edited with a standard Text editor. Flash memory. Edit. Programmable calculators and pocket computers. Edit. Throughout the 1. For example, both device types were programmable in unstructured BASIC and with few exceptions featured QWERTY keyboards. However, there were also some differences: BASIC- programmable calculators often featured an additional . The Casio PB- 2. 00. ANSI- C, BASIC, Assembler and Lisp. Casio, for example, sold some BASIC- programmable calculators as part of their . These methods include Ir. DA, other wireless, serial ports - including USB or RS- 2. Some of the latest programmable calculators contain cellular modems as an additional channel of connectivity. The programmable calculators can in many cases, via these connections, be used with peripherals such as data loggers and interfaces for instruments like thermometers, p. H meters, weather instruments of all kinds, light meters, audio probes and microphones, dynamometers, pressure gauges, voltmeters, ammeters, ohm meters, atmospheric electricity measurement apparatus, ion counters, Geiger counters and scintillometers, altimeters, scales, accelerometers and many others. Some machines can be used with oscilloscopes and their peripherals as well.
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